Submarine Stirling Engine - Effect of Discharge Zone and Type of Spray Gas in Full Dual Cone Fluid Sprinklers on Heptane Pool Fire Extinguisher Performance Under Two Conditions of Heat Release Rates in a Confined Space
Human and organizational risk sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in high-rise residential fire protection systems with probabilistic T-H-O risk methodology
Submarine Stirling Engine
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A Birds Eye View Of Submarine Propulsion
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A Beginner's Guide To Stirling Engines
Received: January 6, 2021 / Revised: March 10, 2021 / Accepted: March 11, 2021 / Published: March 16, 2021
Conventional (diesel-electric) submarines can provide better stealth than nuclear submarines when submerged. This is because nuclear submarines are usually larger and must always be powered by nuclear reactors, unlike diesel-electric submarines, which are usually smaller and can only run on batteries when submerged, which generally require fewer moving parts. These features typically result in a lower acoustic, thermal and magnetic signature, which makes diesel-electric submarines quieter when submerged. However, current underwater range and endurance are limited by energy storage or generation for submerged operations. The use of new energy storage technologies aims to address these limitations and provide significant tactical and operational advantages to conventional submarine operators. From a fire safety perspective, the potential addition of technologies such as rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems, and increasingly sophisticated electronic equipment dramatically changes the risk landscape in the already complex and unforgiving underwater environment. This study examines the characteristics, failure modes and maturity of emerging technologies that have important implications for underwater fire safety. A semi-quantitative assessment of the fire risks associated with potential future major conventional submarine design options for batteries and AIPs is provided. This assessment concluded that lithium-ion batteries present the greatest challenge for integration into conventional submarines without compromising reliability or safety.
Fire dynamics are well understood in many industries, including the maritime industry, where various regulations, guidelines, technology and engineering know-how have helped reduce fire-related risks. However, fires on submarines pose unique challenges and continue to pose serious risks to submarine and submarine operations. The UK Ministry of Defense (MOD) reported 266 fires on its nuclear submarines over the past 25 years, 20 of which required significant ship resources [1]. In the five years between 2011 and 2015, the Indian Navy has experienced four serious fires or fire safety-related incidents on its conventional submarines, claiming a total of 41 lives [2, 3, 4].
The current geopolitical and maritime security environment dictates that traditional diesel-electric submarines remain the popular choice for many countries, such as Australia. Conventional submarines can provide better stealth than nuclear submarines when submerged. Submarines may need to travel long distances and avoid detection to safeguard national interests such as shipping lanes. This requires long underwater range and endurance, which is currently usually provided by storage of lead-acid batteries, which, when depleted, require the submarine to surface to be recharged by diesel generators. Submarines are more likely to be detected while the battery is charging. New energy generation and storage technologies have the potential to significantly increase power supply for subsea operations using conventional diesel-electric designs. As new submarine designs emerge, they will most likely incorporate some of the new energy generation and storage technologies in the field of manned submarines. The use of this technology will introduce fire risks not previously considered in submarine design and operation, and will require research, development, testing and evaluation of potential control mechanisms. The main objective of this study is to examine a range of potential technologies that could be integrated into future submarines and provide a risk-based assessment of fire protection and mitigation options.
This 1 Invention Made Swedish Submarines Among The Best
This paper consists of different sections, starting with the methodology, which also outlines the limitations of this study. An overview of the system/technology and risks are described from a historical perspective, including available mitigation measures. Fire risk is then considered for a range of potential technologies, including future subsea contexts, functional descriptions, fuel and ignition sources, and technology maturity. This is followed by a semi-quantitative fire risk assessment and recommendations for possible mitigation measures. The final section summarizes the conclusions and suggests further work.
The study will examine and assess fire risks associated with potential future submarine design options for fire safety critical elements including batteries, air independent propulsion (AIP), electrical wiring and electronic systems. The three AIP technologies commonly used in submarines are: hydrogen fuel cells, MESMA engines (Module Energie Sous-Marin Autonome) and Stirling engines. The study will also include a brief overview of possible fire protection system components, including the latest fire protection technologies (eg water mist, hypoxic fire protection systems, new materials, etc.). Risk-based assessment includes understanding fire scenarios, possible consequences based on past frequency and semi-quantitative risk analysis. The main results of the study will focus on highlighting key areas of fire risk in future submarine designs and indications of the suitability and effectiveness of existing technologies.
Fires from combat incidents involving submarines will be excluded from the risk assessment, although this should be considered for future studies to help assess platform durability. Submarine armament and weapons were excluded from the study due to the classification of new technology and the relatively high level of fire safety awareness of the storage, handling and use of weapons. Additionally, only underwater operations will be considered in submerged mode, which refers to operations at or below periscope depth. This is not only the most critical operational mode of submarine safety, but also the mode in which the technology under consideration primarily operates. Even so, a holistic approach is needed to manage risks throughout the life cycle of submarines, including operational, maintenance and other disposal modes, but in this case research is necessarily limited in scope and focused on the worst risks to target more. . valuable research results first. Given the way this technology will be used, and the fact that submerged operations pose the greatest risk, any controls designed to reduce risk in this mode of operation will significantly enhance other modes of operation.
It is assumed that the main objectives of the submarine mission in the event of a fire are: a) to prevent the loss of the submarine; (b) prevent loss of life and, where possible, minimize injury; and (c) maintain confidentiality and, if possible, continue the mission [5]. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that sometimes (c) the mission takes precedence over (b) the crew. Note that the order of priority depends on the mission and mission phase when the incident occurred, which may sometimes mean that the mission prioritizes crew safety. Achieving the objective usually requires damage control and emergency operating procedures to extinguish the fire, restore submarine functionality, recover crew members, maintain secrecy if possible, and, once the situation is resolved, make a decision to continue the mission or return to base.
Sea Trials Commence Of Upgraded Gotland Submarine
The effects of a fire inside a submarine can result in direct injury and loss of life, but due to the high-pressure and hostile underwater environment in which submarines operate, fire can indirectly cause the loss of a submarine even if it is a fire. has happened. maybe to limit. Example:
Submarines have several unique characteristics that contribute to the rapid growth and spread of fire and smoke, the effectiveness of fire extinguishing agents, and the behavior of occupants in the event of a fire. Some of the key physical characteristics highlighted in US Naval Ship Technical Manual Chapter 555 - Submarines Volume 2
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